Survival of the...Nicest?

Survival of the...Nicest?

A new theory of human origins says cooperation, not competition,
is instinctive.

By Eric Michael Johnson
Yes Magazine
September 28, 2013

A century ago, industrialists like Andrew Carnegie believed that
Darwin’s theories justified an economy of vicious competition
and inequality.

They left us with an ideological legacy that says the corporate
economy, in which wealth concentrates in the hands of a few,
produces the best for humanity.

This was always a distortion of Darwin’s ideas.

His 1871 book The Descent of Man argued that the human species
had succeeded because of traits like sharing and compassion.

“Those communities,” he wrote, “which included the greatest
number of the most sympathetic members would flourish best,
and rear the greatest number of offspring.”

Darwin was no economist, but wealth-sharing and cooperation
have always looked more consistent with his observations about
human survival than the elitism and hierarchy that dominates
contemporary corporate life.

Nearly 150 years later, modern science has verified Darwin’s early
insights with direct implications for how we do business in our
society.

New peer-reviewed research by Michael Tomasello, an American
psychologist and co-director of the Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has synthesized
three decades of research to develop a comprehensive
evolutionary theory of human cooperation.

What can we learn about sharing as a result?

Tomasello holds that there were two key steps that led to humans’
unique form of interdependence.

The first was all about who was coming to dinner.

Approximately two million years ago, a fledgling species known as
Homo habilis emerged on the great plains of Africa.

At the same time that these four-foot-tall, bipedal apes appeared,
a period of global cooling produced vast, open environments.

This climate change event ultimately forced our hominid ancestors
to adapt to a new way of life or perish entirely.

Since they lacked the ability to take down large game, like the
ferocious carnivores of the early Pleistocene, the solution they
hit upon was scavenging the carcasses of recently killed large
mammals.

The analysis of fossil bones from this period has revealed evidence
of stone-tool cut marks overlaid on top of carnivore teeth marks.

The precursors of modern humans had a habit of arriving late to
the feast.

However, this survival strategy brought an entirely new set of
challenges: Individuals now had to coordinate their behaviors,
work together, and learn how to share.

For apes living in the dense rainforest, the search for ripe fruit
and nuts was largely an individual activity.

But on the plains, our ancestors needed to travel in groups to
survive, and the act of scavenging from a single animal carcass
forced proto-humans to learn to tolerate each other and allow
each other a fair share.

This resulted in a form of social selection that favored cooperation:

“Individuals who attempted to hog all of the food at a scavenged
carcass would be actively repelled by others,” writes Tomasello,
“and perhaps shunned in other ways as well.”

This evolutionary legacy can be seen in our behavior today,
particularly among children who are too young to have been
taught such notions of fairness.

For example, in a 2011 study published in the journal Nature,
anthropologist Katharina Hamann and her colleagues found
that 3-year-old children share food more equitably if they
gain it through cooperative effort rather than via individual,
labor or no work at all.

In contrast, chimpanzees showed no difference in how they
shared food under these different scenarios; they wouldn’t
necessarily hoard the food individually, but they placed no
value on cooperative efforts either.

The implication, according to Tomasello, is that human evolution
has predisposed us to work collaboratively and given us an
intuitive sense that cooperation deserves equal rewards.

The second step in Tomasello’s theory leads directly into what
kinds of businesses and economies are more in line with human
evolution.

Humans have, of course, uniquely large population sizes, much
larger than those of other primates.

It was the human penchant for cooperation that allowed groups
to grow in number and eventually become tribal societies.

Humans, more than any other primate, developed psychological
adaptations that allowed them to quickly recognize members of
their own group (through unique behaviors, traditions, or forms
of language) and develop a shared cultural identity in the
pursuit of a common goal.

“The result,” says Tomasello, “was a new kind of interdependence
and group-mindedness that went well beyond the joint
intentionality of small-scale cooperation to a kind of collective
intentionality at the level of the entire society.”

What does this mean for the different forms of business today?

Corporate workplaces probably aren’t in sync with our evolutionary
roots and may not be good for our long-term success as humans.

Corporate culture imposes uniformity, mandated from the top
down, throughout the organization.

But the cooperative, the financial model in which a group of
members owns a business and makes the rules about how to
run it, is a modern institution that has much in common with
the collective tribal heritage of our species.

Worker-owned cooperatives are regionally distinct and organized
around their constituent members.

As a result, worker co-ops develop unique cultures that, following
Tomasello’s theory, would be expected to better promote a shared
identity among all members of the group.

This shared identity would give rise to greater trust and
collaboration without the need for centralized control.

Moreover, the structure of corporations is a recipe for worker
alienation and dissatisfaction.

Humans have evolved the ability to quickly form collective
intentionality that motivates group members to pursue a
shared goal.

“Once they have formed a joint goal,” Tomasello says, “humans
are committed to it.”

Corporations, by law, are required to maximize profits for their
investors.

The shared goal among corporate employees is not to benefit their
own community but rather a distant population of financiers who
have no personal connection to their lives or labor.

However, because worker-owned cooperatives focus on maximizing
value for their members, the cooperative is operated by and for the
local community a goal much more consistent with our evolutionary
heritage.

As Darwin concluded in The Descent of Man, “The more enduring
social instincts conquer the less persistent instincts.”

As worker-owned cooperatives continue to gain prominence
around the world, we may ultimately witness the downfall
of Carnegie’s “law of competition” and a return to the
collaborative environments that the human species has long
called home.



Eric Michael Johnson is a doctoral student in the history of science
at the University of British Columbia. His research examines the
interplay between evolutionary biology and politics.

http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/how-cooperatives-are-driving-
the-new-economy/survival-of-the-nicest-the-other-theory-of-evolut
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